gin/gin.go

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// Copyright 2014 Manu Martinez-Almeida. All rights reserved.
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// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
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package gin
import (
"fmt"
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"html/template"
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"net"
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"net/http"
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"os"
"path"
"regexp"
"strings"
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"sync"
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"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
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"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/render"
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"golang.org/x/net/http2"
"golang.org/x/net/http2/h2c"
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)
const defaultMultipartMemory = 32 << 20 // 32 MB
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var (
default404Body = []byte("404 page not found")
default405Body = []byte("405 method not allowed")
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)
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var defaultPlatform string
var defaultTrustedCIDRs = []*net.IPNet{
{ // 0.0.0.0/0 (IPv4)
IP: net.IP{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0},
Mask: net.IPMask{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0},
},
{ // ::/0 (IPv6)
IP: net.IP{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0},
Mask: net.IPMask{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0},
},
}
var regSafePrefix = regexp.MustCompile("[^a-zA-Z0-9/-]+")
var regRemoveRepeatedChar = regexp.MustCompile("/{2,}")
// HandlerFunc defines the handler used by gin middleware as return value.
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type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
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// HandlersChain defines a HandlerFunc slice.
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type HandlersChain []HandlerFunc
// Last returns the last handler in the chain. i.e. the last handler is the main one.
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func (c HandlersChain) Last() HandlerFunc {
if length := len(c); length > 0 {
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return c[length-1]
}
return nil
}
// RouteInfo represents a request route's specification which contains method and path and its handler.
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type RouteInfo struct {
Method string
Path string
Handler string
HandlerFunc HandlerFunc
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}
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// RoutesInfo defines a RouteInfo slice.
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type RoutesInfo []RouteInfo
// Trusted platforms
const (
// PlatformGoogleAppEngine when running on Google App Engine. Trust X-Appengine-Remote-Addr
// for determining the client's IP
PlatformGoogleAppEngine = "X-Appengine-Remote-Addr"
// PlatformCloudflare when using Cloudflare's CDN. Trust CF-Connecting-IP for determining
// the client's IP
PlatformCloudflare = "CF-Connecting-IP"
)
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// Engine is the framework's instance, it contains the muxer, middleware and configuration settings.
// Create an instance of Engine, by using New() or Default()
type Engine struct {
RouterGroup
// RedirectTrailingSlash enables automatic redirection if the current route can't be matched but a
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// handler for the path with (without) the trailing slash exists.
// For example if /foo/ is requested but a route only exists for /foo, the
// client is redirected to /foo with http status code 301 for GET requests
// and 307 for all other request methods.
RedirectTrailingSlash bool
// RedirectFixedPath if enabled, the router tries to fix the current request path, if no
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// handle is registered for it.
// First superfluous path elements like ../ or // are removed.
// Afterwards the router does a case-insensitive lookup of the cleaned path.
// If a handle can be found for this route, the router makes a redirection
// to the corrected path with status code 301 for GET requests and 307 for
// all other request methods.
// For example /FOO and /..//Foo could be redirected to /foo.
// RedirectTrailingSlash is independent of this option.
RedirectFixedPath bool
// HandleMethodNotAllowed if enabled, the router checks if another method is allowed for the
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// current route, if the current request can not be routed.
// If this is the case, the request is answered with 'Method Not Allowed'
// and HTTP status code 405.
// If no other Method is allowed, the request is delegated to the NotFound
// handler.
HandleMethodNotAllowed bool
// ForwardedByClientIP if enabled, client IP will be parsed from the request's headers that
// match those stored at `(*gin.Engine).RemoteIPHeaders`. If no IP was
// fetched, it falls back to the IP obtained from
// `(*gin.Context).Request.RemoteAddr`.
ForwardedByClientIP bool
// AppEngine was deprecated.
// Deprecated: USE `TrustedPlatform` WITH VALUE `gin.PlatformGoogleAppEngine` INSTEAD
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// #726 #755 If enabled, it will trust some headers starting with
// 'X-AppEngine...' for better integration with that PaaS.
AppEngine bool
// UseRawPath if enabled, the url.RawPath will be used to find parameters.
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UseRawPath bool
// UnescapePathValues if true, the path value will be unescaped.
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// If UseRawPath is false (by default), the UnescapePathValues effectively is true,
// as url.Path gonna be used, which is already unescaped.
UnescapePathValues bool
// RemoveExtraSlash a parameter can be parsed from the URL even with extra slashes.
// See the PR #1817 and issue #1644
RemoveExtraSlash bool
// RemoteIPHeaders list of headers used to obtain the client IP when
// `(*gin.Engine).ForwardedByClientIP` is `true` and
// `(*gin.Context).Request.RemoteAddr` is matched by at least one of the
// network origins of list defined by `(*gin.Engine).SetTrustedProxies()`.
RemoteIPHeaders []string
// TrustedPlatform if set to a constant of value gin.Platform*, trusts the headers set by
// that platform, for example to determine the client IP
TrustedPlatform string
// MaxMultipartMemory value of 'maxMemory' param that is given to http.Request's ParseMultipartForm
// method call.
MaxMultipartMemory int64
// UseH2C enable h2c support.
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UseH2C bool
// ContextWithFallback enable fallback Context.Deadline(), Context.Done(), Context.Err() and Context.Value() when Context.Request.Context() is not nil.
ContextWithFallback bool
delims render.Delims
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secureJSONPrefix string
HTMLRender render.HTMLRender
FuncMap template.FuncMap
allNoRoute HandlersChain
allNoMethod HandlersChain
noRoute HandlersChain
noMethod HandlersChain
pool sync.Pool
trees methodTrees
maxParams uint16
maxSections uint16
trustedProxies []string
trustedCIDRs []*net.IPNet
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}
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var _ IRouter = (*Engine)(nil)
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// New returns a new blank Engine instance without any middleware attached.
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// By default, the configuration is:
// - RedirectTrailingSlash: true
// - RedirectFixedPath: false
// - HandleMethodNotAllowed: false
// - ForwardedByClientIP: true
// - UseRawPath: false
// - UnescapePathValues: true
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func New() *Engine {
debugPrintWARNINGNew()
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engine := &Engine{
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RouterGroup: RouterGroup{
Handlers: nil,
basePath: "/",
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root: true,
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},
FuncMap: template.FuncMap{},
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RedirectTrailingSlash: true,
RedirectFixedPath: false,
HandleMethodNotAllowed: false,
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ForwardedByClientIP: true,
RemoteIPHeaders: []string{"X-Forwarded-For", "X-Real-IP"},
TrustedPlatform: defaultPlatform,
UseRawPath: false,
RemoveExtraSlash: false,
UnescapePathValues: true,
MaxMultipartMemory: defaultMultipartMemory,
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trees: make(methodTrees, 0, 9),
delims: render.Delims{Left: "{{", Right: "}}"},
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secureJSONPrefix: "while(1);",
trustedProxies: []string{"0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"},
trustedCIDRs: defaultTrustedCIDRs,
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}
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engine.RouterGroup.engine = engine
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engine.pool.New = func() any {
return engine.allocateContext(engine.maxParams)
}
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return engine
}
// Default returns an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.
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func Default() *Engine {
debugPrintWARNINGDefault()
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engine := New()
engine.Use(Logger(), Recovery())
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return engine
}
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func (engine *Engine) Handler() http.Handler {
if !engine.UseH2C {
return engine
}
h2s := &http2.Server{}
return h2c.NewHandler(engine, h2s)
}
func (engine *Engine) allocateContext(maxParams uint16) *Context {
v := make(Params, 0, maxParams)
skippedNodes := make([]skippedNode, 0, engine.maxSections)
return &Context{engine: engine, params: &v, skippedNodes: &skippedNodes}
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}
// Delims sets template left and right delims and returns an Engine instance.
func (engine *Engine) Delims(left, right string) *Engine {
engine.delims = render.Delims{Left: left, Right: right}
return engine
}
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// SecureJsonPrefix sets the secureJSONPrefix used in Context.SecureJSON.
func (engine *Engine) SecureJsonPrefix(prefix string) *Engine {
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engine.secureJSONPrefix = prefix
return engine
}
// LoadHTMLGlob loads HTML files identified by glob pattern
// and associates the result with HTML renderer.
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func (engine *Engine) LoadHTMLGlob(pattern string) {
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left := engine.delims.Left
right := engine.delims.Right
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templ := template.Must(template.New("").Delims(left, right).Funcs(engine.FuncMap).ParseGlob(pattern))
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if IsDebugging() {
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debugPrintLoadTemplate(templ)
engine.HTMLRender = render.HTMLDebug{Glob: pattern, FuncMap: engine.FuncMap, Delims: engine.delims}
return
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}
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engine.SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
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}
// LoadHTMLFiles loads a slice of HTML files
// and associates the result with HTML renderer.
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func (engine *Engine) LoadHTMLFiles(files ...string) {
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if IsDebugging() {
engine.HTMLRender = render.HTMLDebug{Files: files, FuncMap: engine.FuncMap, Delims: engine.delims}
return
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}
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templ := template.Must(template.New("").Delims(engine.delims.Left, engine.delims.Right).Funcs(engine.FuncMap).ParseFiles(files...))
engine.SetHTMLTemplate(templ)
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}
// SetHTMLTemplate associate a template with HTML renderer.
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func (engine *Engine) SetHTMLTemplate(templ *template.Template) {
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if len(engine.trees) > 0 {
debugPrintWARNINGSetHTMLTemplate()
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}
engine.HTMLRender = render.HTMLProduction{Template: templ.Funcs(engine.FuncMap)}
}
// SetFuncMap sets the FuncMap used for template.FuncMap.
func (engine *Engine) SetFuncMap(funcMap template.FuncMap) {
engine.FuncMap = funcMap
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}
// NoRoute adds handlers for NoRoute. It returns a 404 code by default.
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func (engine *Engine) NoRoute(handlers ...HandlerFunc) {
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engine.noRoute = handlers
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engine.rebuild404Handlers()
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}
// NoMethod sets the handlers called when Engine.HandleMethodNotAllowed = true.
func (engine *Engine) NoMethod(handlers ...HandlerFunc) {
engine.noMethod = handlers
engine.rebuild405Handlers()
}
// Use attaches a global middleware to the router. i.e. the middleware attached through Use() will be
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// included in the handlers chain for every single request. Even 404, 405, static files...
// For example, this is the right place for a logger or error management middleware.
func (engine *Engine) Use(middleware ...HandlerFunc) IRoutes {
engine.RouterGroup.Use(middleware...)
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engine.rebuild404Handlers()
engine.rebuild405Handlers()
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return engine
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}
func (engine *Engine) rebuild404Handlers() {
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engine.allNoRoute = engine.combineHandlers(engine.noRoute)
}
func (engine *Engine) rebuild405Handlers() {
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engine.allNoMethod = engine.combineHandlers(engine.noMethod)
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}
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func (engine *Engine) addRoute(method, path string, handlers HandlersChain) {
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assert1(path[0] == '/', "path must begin with '/'")
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assert1(method != "", "HTTP method can not be empty")
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assert1(len(handlers) > 0, "there must be at least one handler")
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debugPrintRoute(method, path, handlers)
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root := engine.trees.get(method)
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if root == nil {
root = new(node)
root.fullPath = "/"
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engine.trees = append(engine.trees, methodTree{method: method, root: root})
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}
root.addRoute(path, handlers)
// Update maxParams
if paramsCount := countParams(path); paramsCount > engine.maxParams {
engine.maxParams = paramsCount
}
if sectionsCount := countSections(path); sectionsCount > engine.maxSections {
engine.maxSections = sectionsCount
}
}
// Routes returns a slice of registered routes, including some useful information, such as:
// the http method, path and the handler name.
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func (engine *Engine) Routes() (routes RoutesInfo) {
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for _, tree := range engine.trees {
routes = iterate("", tree.method, routes, tree.root)
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}
return routes
}
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func iterate(path, method string, routes RoutesInfo, root *node) RoutesInfo {
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path += root.path
if len(root.handlers) > 0 {
handlerFunc := root.handlers.Last()
routes = append(routes, RouteInfo{
Method: method,
Path: path,
Handler: nameOfFunction(handlerFunc),
HandlerFunc: handlerFunc,
})
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}
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for _, child := range root.children {
routes = iterate(path, method, routes, child)
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}
return routes
}
// Run attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests.
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// It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServe(addr, router)
// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
func (engine *Engine) Run(addr ...string) (err error) {
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defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
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if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
}
address := resolveAddress(addr)
debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on %s\n", address)
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err = http.ListenAndServe(address, engine.Handler())
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return
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}
func (engine *Engine) prepareTrustedCIDRs() ([]*net.IPNet, error) {
if engine.trustedProxies == nil {
return nil, nil
}
cidr := make([]*net.IPNet, 0, len(engine.trustedProxies))
for _, trustedProxy := range engine.trustedProxies {
if !strings.Contains(trustedProxy, "/") {
ip := parseIP(trustedProxy)
if ip == nil {
return cidr, &net.ParseError{Type: "IP address", Text: trustedProxy}
}
switch len(ip) {
case net.IPv4len:
trustedProxy += "/32"
case net.IPv6len:
trustedProxy += "/128"
}
}
_, cidrNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(trustedProxy)
if err != nil {
return cidr, err
}
cidr = append(cidr, cidrNet)
}
return cidr, nil
}
// SetTrustedProxies set a list of network origins (IPv4 addresses,
// IPv4 CIDRs, IPv6 addresses or IPv6 CIDRs) from which to trust
// request's headers that contain alternative client IP when
// `(*gin.Engine).ForwardedByClientIP` is `true`. `TrustedProxies`
// feature is enabled by default, and it also trusts all proxies
// by default. If you want to disable this feature, use
// Engine.SetTrustedProxies(nil), then Context.ClientIP() will
// return the remote address directly.
func (engine *Engine) SetTrustedProxies(trustedProxies []string) error {
engine.trustedProxies = trustedProxies
return engine.parseTrustedProxies()
}
// isUnsafeTrustedProxies checks if Engine.trustedCIDRs contains all IPs, it's not safe if it has (returns true)
func (engine *Engine) isUnsafeTrustedProxies() bool {
return engine.isTrustedProxy(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")) || engine.isTrustedProxy(net.ParseIP("::"))
}
// parseTrustedProxies parse Engine.trustedProxies to Engine.trustedCIDRs
func (engine *Engine) parseTrustedProxies() error {
trustedCIDRs, err := engine.prepareTrustedCIDRs()
engine.trustedCIDRs = trustedCIDRs
return err
}
// isTrustedProxy will check whether the IP address is included in the trusted list according to Engine.trustedCIDRs
func (engine *Engine) isTrustedProxy(ip net.IP) bool {
if engine.trustedCIDRs == nil {
return false
}
for _, cidr := range engine.trustedCIDRs {
if cidr.Contains(ip) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
// validateHeader will parse X-Forwarded-For header and return the trusted client IP address
func (engine *Engine) validateHeader(header string) (clientIP string, valid bool) {
if header == "" {
return "", false
}
items := strings.Split(header, ",")
for i := len(items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
ipStr := strings.TrimSpace(items[i])
ip := net.ParseIP(ipStr)
if ip == nil {
break
}
// X-Forwarded-For is appended by proxy
// Check IPs in reverse order and stop when find untrusted proxy
if (i == 0) || (!engine.isTrustedProxy(ip)) {
return ipStr, true
}
}
return "", false
}
// parseIP parse a string representation of an IP and returns a net.IP with the
// minimum byte representation or nil if input is invalid.
func parseIP(ip string) net.IP {
parsedIP := net.ParseIP(ip)
if ipv4 := parsedIP.To4(); ipv4 != nil {
// return ip in a 4-byte representation
return ipv4
}
// return ip in a 16-byte representation or nil
return parsedIP
}
// RunTLS attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTPS (secure) requests.
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// It is a shortcut for http.ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile, router)
// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
func (engine *Engine) RunTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile string) (err error) {
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debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTPS on %s\n", addr)
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defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
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if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
}
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err = http.ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile, engine.Handler())
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return
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}
// RunUnix attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
// through the specified unix socket (i.e. a file).
// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
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func (engine *Engine) RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on unix:/%s", file)
defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
}
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listener, err := net.Listen("unix", file)
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if err != nil {
return
}
defer listener.Close()
defer os.Remove(file)
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err = http.Serve(listener, engine.Handler())
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return
}
// RunFd attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
// through the specified file descriptor.
// Note: this method will block the calling goroutine indefinitely unless an error happens.
func (engine *Engine) RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on fd@%d", fd)
defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
}
f := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), fmt.Sprintf("fd@%d", fd))
listener, err := net.FileListener(f)
if err != nil {
return
}
defer listener.Close()
err = engine.RunListener(listener)
return
}
// RunListener attaches the router to a http.Server and starts listening and serving HTTP requests
// through the specified net.Listener
func (engine *Engine) RunListener(listener net.Listener) (err error) {
debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on listener what's bind with address@%s", listener.Addr())
defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
if engine.isUnsafeTrustedProxies() {
debugPrint("[WARNING] You trusted all proxies, this is NOT safe. We recommend you to set a value.\n" +
"Please check https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#readme-don-t-trust-all-proxies for details.")
}
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err = http.Serve(listener, engine.Handler())
return
}
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// ServeHTTP conforms to the http.Handler interface.
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func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
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c := engine.pool.Get().(*Context)
c.writermem.reset(w)
c.Request = req
c.reset()
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engine.handleHTTPRequest(c)
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engine.pool.Put(c)
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}
// HandleContext re-enters a context that has been rewritten.
// This can be done by setting c.Request.URL.Path to your new target.
// Disclaimer: You can loop yourself to deal with this, use wisely.
func (engine *Engine) HandleContext(c *Context) {
oldIndexValue := c.index
c.reset()
engine.handleHTTPRequest(c)
c.index = oldIndexValue
}
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func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
httpMethod := c.Request.Method
rPath := c.Request.URL.Path
unescape := false
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if engine.UseRawPath && len(c.Request.URL.RawPath) > 0 {
rPath = c.Request.URL.RawPath
unescape = engine.UnescapePathValues
}
if engine.RemoveExtraSlash {
rPath = cleanPath(rPath)
}
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// Find root of the tree for the given HTTP method
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t := engine.trees
for i, tl := 0, len(t); i < tl; i++ {
if t[i].method != httpMethod {
continue
}
root := t[i].root
// Find route in tree
value := root.getValue(rPath, c.params, c.skippedNodes, unescape)
if value.params != nil {
c.Params = *value.params
}
if value.handlers != nil {
c.handlers = value.handlers
c.fullPath = value.fullPath
c.Next()
c.writermem.WriteHeaderNow()
return
}
if httpMethod != http.MethodConnect && rPath != "/" {
if value.tsr && engine.RedirectTrailingSlash {
redirectTrailingSlash(c)
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return
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}
if engine.RedirectFixedPath && redirectFixedPath(c, root, engine.RedirectFixedPath) {
return
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}
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}
break
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}
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if engine.HandleMethodNotAllowed {
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for _, tree := range engine.trees {
if tree.method == httpMethod {
continue
}
if value := tree.root.getValue(rPath, nil, c.skippedNodes, unescape); value.handlers != nil {
c.handlers = engine.allNoMethod
serveError(c, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, default405Body)
return
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}
}
}
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c.handlers = engine.allNoRoute
serveError(c, http.StatusNotFound, default404Body)
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}
var mimePlain = []string{MIMEPlain}
func serveError(c *Context, code int, defaultMessage []byte) {
c.writermem.status = code
c.Next()
if c.writermem.Written() {
return
}
if c.writermem.Status() == code {
c.writermem.Header()["Content-Type"] = mimePlain
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_, err := c.Writer.Write(defaultMessage)
if err != nil {
debugPrint("cannot write message to writer during serve error: %v", err)
}
return
}
c.writermem.WriteHeaderNow()
}
func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {
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req := c.Request
p := req.URL.Path
if prefix := path.Clean(c.Request.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-Prefix")); prefix != "." {
prefix = regSafePrefix.ReplaceAllString(prefix, "")
prefix = regRemoveRepeatedChar.ReplaceAllString(prefix, "/")
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p = prefix + "/" + req.URL.Path
}
req.URL.Path = p + "/"
if length := len(p); length > 1 && p[length-1] == '/' {
req.URL.Path = p[:length-1]
}
redirectRequest(c)
}
func redirectFixedPath(c *Context, root *node, trailingSlash bool) bool {
req := c.Request
rPath := req.URL.Path
if fixedPath, ok := root.findCaseInsensitivePath(cleanPath(rPath), trailingSlash); ok {
req.URL.Path = bytesconv.BytesToString(fixedPath)
redirectRequest(c)
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return true
}
return false
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}
func redirectRequest(c *Context) {
req := c.Request
rPath := req.URL.Path
rURL := req.URL.String()
code := http.StatusMovedPermanently // Permanent redirect, request with GET method
if req.Method != http.MethodGet {
code = http.StatusTemporaryRedirect
}
debugPrint("redirecting request %d: %s --> %s", code, rPath, rURL)
http.Redirect(c.Writer, req, rURL, code)
c.writermem.WriteHeaderNow()
}