test support go1.18 (#2990)

any.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.18
+// +build !go1.18
+
+package gin
+
+type any = interface{}

binding/any.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.18
+// +build !go1.18
+
+package binding
+
+type any = interface{}

binding/binding.go

@@ -29,21 +29,21 @@ const (
 // the form POST.
 type Binding interface {
 	Name() string
-	Bind(*http.Request, interface{}) error
+	Bind(*http.Request, any) error
 }
 
 // BindingBody adds BindBody method to Binding. BindBody is similar with Bind,
 // but it reads the body from supplied bytes instead of req.Body.
 type BindingBody interface {
 	Binding
-	BindBody([]byte, interface{}) error
+	BindBody([]byte, any) error
 }
 
 // BindingUri adds BindUri method to Binding. BindUri is similar with Bind,
 // but it reads the Params.
 type BindingUri interface {
 	Name() string
-	BindUri(map[string][]string, interface{}) error
+	BindUri(map[string][]string, any) error
 }
 
 // StructValidator is the minimal interface which needs to be implemented in
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ type StructValidator interface {
 	// If the received type is a struct or pointer to a struct, the validation should be performed.
 	// If the struct is not valid or the validation itself fails, a descriptive error should be returned.
 	// Otherwise nil must be returned.
-	ValidateStruct(interface{}) error
+	ValidateStruct(any) error
 
 	// Engine returns the underlying validator engine which powers the
 	// StructValidator implementation.
-	Engine() interface{}
+	Engine() any
 }
 
 // Validator is the default validator which implements the StructValidator
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 	}
 }
 
-func validate(obj interface{}) error {
+func validate(obj any) error {
 	if Validator == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

binding/binding_nomsgpack.go

@@ -27,21 +27,21 @@ const (
 // the form POST.
 type Binding interface {
 	Name() string
-	Bind(*http.Request, interface{}) error
+	Bind(*http.Request, any) error
 }
 
 // BindingBody adds BindBody method to Binding. BindBody is similar with Bind,
 // but it reads the body from supplied bytes instead of req.Body.
 type BindingBody interface {
 	Binding
-	BindBody([]byte, interface{}) error
+	BindBody([]byte, any) error
 }
 
 // BindingUri adds BindUri method to Binding. BindUri is similar with Bind,
 // but it reads the Params.
 type BindingUri interface {
 	Name() string
-	BindUri(map[string][]string, interface{}) error
+	BindUri(map[string][]string, any) error
 }
 
 // StructValidator is the minimal interface which needs to be implemented in
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ type StructValidator interface {
 	// If the received type is a struct or pointer to a struct, the validation should be performed.
 	// If the struct is not valid or the validation itself fails, a descriptive error should be returned.
 	// Otherwise nil must be returned.
-	ValidateStruct(interface{}) error
+	ValidateStruct(any) error
 
 	// Engine returns the underlying validator engine which powers the
 	// StructValidator implementation.
-	Engine() interface{}
+	Engine() any
 }
 
 // Validator is the default validator which implements the StructValidator
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 	}
 }
 
-func validate(obj interface{}) error {
+func validate(obj any) error {
 	if Validator == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

binding/binding_test.go

@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ type FooDefaultBarStruct struct {
 }
 
 type FooStructUseNumber struct {
-	Foo interface{} `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
+	Foo any `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
 }
 
 type FooStructDisallowUnknownFields struct {
-	Foo interface{} `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
+	Foo any `json:"foo" binding:"required"`
 }
 
 type FooBarStructForTimeType struct {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ type FooStructForTimeTypeFailLocation struct {
 }
 
 type FooStructForMapType struct {
-	MapFoo map[string]interface{} `form:"map_foo"`
+	MapFoo map[string]any `form:"map_foo"`
 }
 
 type FooStructForIgnoreFormTag struct {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ type InvalidNameType struct {
 
 type InvalidNameMapType struct {
 	TestName struct {
-		MapFoo map[string]interface{} `form:"map_foo"`
+		MapFoo map[string]any `form:"map_foo"`
 	}
 }
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ type FooStructForStructPointerType struct {
 
 type FooStructForSliceMapType struct {
 	// Unknown type: not support map
-	SliceMapFoo []map[string]interface{} `form:"slice_map_foo"`
+	SliceMapFoo []map[string]any `form:"slice_map_foo"`
 }
 
 type FooStructForBoolType struct {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ type FooStructForStringPtrType struct {
 }
 
 type FooStructForMapPtrType struct {
-	PtrBar *map[string]interface{} `form:"ptr_bar"`
+	PtrBar *map[string]any `form:"ptr_bar"`
 }
 
 func TestBindingDefault(t *testing.T) {
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ func TestHeaderBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	req.Header.Add("fail", `{fail:fail}`)
 
 	type failStruct struct {
-		Fail map[string]interface{} `header:"fail"`
+		Fail map[string]any `header:"fail"`
 	}
 
 	err := h.Bind(req, &failStruct{})
@@ -789,11 +789,11 @@ func TestUriBinding(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "thinkerou", tag.Name)
 
 	type NotSupportStruct struct {
-		Name map[string]interface{} `uri:"name"`
+		Name map[string]any `uri:"name"`
 	}
 	var not NotSupportStruct
 	assert.Error(t, b.BindUri(m, &not))
-	assert.Equal(t, map[string]interface{}(nil), not.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, map[string]any(nil), not.Name)
 }
 
 func TestUriInnerBinding(t *testing.T) {

binding/default_validator.go

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func (err SliceValidationError) Error() string {
 var _ StructValidator = &defaultValidator{}
 
 // ValidateStruct receives any kind of type, but only performed struct or pointer to struct type.
-func (v *defaultValidator) ValidateStruct(obj interface{}) error {
+func (v *defaultValidator) ValidateStruct(obj any) error {
 	if obj == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func (v *defaultValidator) ValidateStruct(obj interface{}) error {
 }
 
 // validateStruct receives struct type
-func (v *defaultValidator) validateStruct(obj interface{}) error {
+func (v *defaultValidator) validateStruct(obj any) error {
 	v.lazyinit()
 	return v.validate.Struct(obj)
 }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func (v *defaultValidator) validateStruct(obj interface{}) error {
 // Validator instance. This is useful if you want to register custom validations
 // or struct level validations. See validator GoDoc for more info -
 // https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-playground/validator/v10
-func (v *defaultValidator) Engine() interface{} {
+func (v *defaultValidator) Engine() any {
 	v.lazyinit()
 	return v.validate
 }

binding/default_validator_test.go

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestDefaultValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
 		v       *defaultValidator
-		obj     interface{}
+		obj     any
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{"validate nil obj", &defaultValidator{}, nil, false},

binding/form.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func (formBinding) Name() string {
 	return "form"
 }
 
-func (formBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (formBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func (formPostBinding) Name() string {
 	return "form-urlencoded"
 }
 
-func (formPostBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (formPostBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func (formMultipartBinding) Name() string {
 	return "multipart/form-data"
 }
 
-func (formMultipartBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (formMultipartBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(defaultMemory); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

binding/form_mapping.go

@@ -26,24 +26,24 @@ var (
 	ErrConvertToMapString = errors.New("can not convert to map of strings")
 )
 
-func mapURI(ptr interface{}, m map[string][]string) error {
+func mapURI(ptr any, m map[string][]string) error {
 	return mapFormByTag(ptr, m, "uri")
 }
 
-func mapForm(ptr interface{}, form map[string][]string) error {
+func mapForm(ptr any, form map[string][]string) error {
 	return mapFormByTag(ptr, form, "form")
 }
 
-func MapFormWithTag(ptr interface{}, form map[string][]string, tag string) error {
+func MapFormWithTag(ptr any, form map[string][]string, tag string) error {
 	return mapFormByTag(ptr, form, tag)
 }
 
 var emptyField = reflect.StructField{}
 
-func mapFormByTag(ptr interface{}, form map[string][]string, tag string) error {
+func mapFormByTag(ptr any, form map[string][]string, tag string) error {
 	// Check if ptr is a map
 	ptrVal := reflect.ValueOf(ptr)
-	var pointed interface{}
+	var pointed any
 	if ptrVal.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 		ptrVal = ptrVal.Elem()
 		pointed = ptrVal.Interface()
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (form formSource) TrySet(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, ta
 	return setByForm(value, field, form, tagValue, opt)
 }
 
-func mappingByPtr(ptr interface{}, setter setter, tag string) error {
+func mappingByPtr(ptr any, setter setter, tag string) error {
 	_, err := mapping(reflect.ValueOf(ptr), emptyField, setter, tag)
 	return err
 }
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ func head(str, sep string) (head string, tail string) {
 	return str[:idx], str[idx+len(sep):]
 }
 
-func setFormMap(ptr interface{}, form map[string][]string) error {
+func setFormMap(ptr any, form map[string][]string) error {
 	el := reflect.TypeOf(ptr).Elem()
 
 	if el.Kind() == reflect.Slice {

binding/form_mapping_test.go

@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ func TestMappingBaseTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range []struct {
 		name   string
-		value  interface{}
+		value  any
 		form   string
-		expect interface{}
+		expect any
 	}{
 		{"base type", struct{ F int }{}, "9", int(9)},
 		{"base type", struct{ F int8 }{}, "9", int8(9)},

binding/header.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func (headerBinding) Name() string {
 	return "header"
 }
 
-func (headerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (headerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 
 	if err := mapHeader(obj, req.Header); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (headerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
 	return validate(obj)
 }
 
-func mapHeader(ptr interface{}, h map[string][]string) error {
+func mapHeader(ptr any, h map[string][]string) error {
 	return mappingByPtr(ptr, headerSource(h), "header")
 }
 

binding/json.go

@@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ func (jsonBinding) Name() string {
 	return "json"
 }
 
-func (jsonBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (jsonBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	if req == nil || req.Body == nil {
 		return errors.New("invalid request")
 	}
 	return decodeJSON(req.Body, obj)
 }
 
-func (jsonBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj interface{}) error {
+func (jsonBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	return decodeJSON(bytes.NewReader(body), obj)
 }
 
-func decodeJSON(r io.Reader, obj interface{}) error {
+func decodeJSON(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
 	decoder := json.NewDecoder(r)
 	if EnableDecoderUseNumber {
 		decoder.UseNumber()

binding/msgpack.go

@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ func (msgpackBinding) Name() string {
 	return "msgpack"
 }
 
-func (msgpackBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (msgpackBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	return decodeMsgPack(req.Body, obj)
 }
 
-func (msgpackBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj interface{}) error {
+func (msgpackBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	return decodeMsgPack(bytes.NewReader(body), obj)
 }
 
-func decodeMsgPack(r io.Reader, obj interface{}) error {
+func decodeMsgPack(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
 	cdc := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
 	if err := codec.NewDecoder(r, cdc).Decode(&obj); err != nil {
 		return err

binding/msgpack_test.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func TestMsgpackBindingBindBody(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "FOO", s.Foo)
 }
 
-func msgpackBody(t *testing.T, obj interface{}) []byte {
+func msgpackBody(t *testing.T, obj any) []byte {
 	var bs bytes.Buffer
 	h := &codec.MsgpackHandle{}
 	err := codec.NewEncoder(&bs, h).Encode(obj)

binding/multipart_form_mapping_test.go

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func TestFormMultipartBindingBindError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range []struct {
 		name string
-		s    interface{}
+		s    any
 	}{
 		{"wrong type", &struct {
 			Files int `form:"file"`

binding/protobuf.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func (protobufBinding) Name() string {
 	return "protobuf"
 }
 
-func (b protobufBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (b protobufBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	buf, err := ioutil.ReadAll(req.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func (b protobufBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
 	return b.BindBody(buf, obj)
 }
 
-func (protobufBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj interface{}) error {
+func (protobufBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	msg, ok := obj.(proto.Message)
 	if !ok {
 		return errors.New("obj is not ProtoMessage")

binding/query.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func (queryBinding) Name() string {
 	return "query"
 }
 
-func (queryBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (queryBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	values := req.URL.Query()
 	if err := mapForm(obj, values); err != nil {
 		return err

binding/uri.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ func (uriBinding) Name() string {
 	return "uri"
 }
 
-func (uriBinding) BindUri(m map[string][]string, obj interface{}) error {
+func (uriBinding) BindUri(m map[string][]string, obj any) error {
 	if err := mapURI(obj, m); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

binding/validate_test.go

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type structNoValidationValues struct {
 	StructSlice        []substructNoValidation
 	InterfaceSlice     []testInterface
 
-	UniversalInterface interface{}
+	UniversalInterface any
 	CustomInterface    testInterface
 
 	FloatMap  map[string]float32
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func TestValidateNoValidationPointers(t *testing.T) {
 	//assert.Equal(t, origin, test)
 }
 
-type Object map[string]interface{}
+type Object map[string]any
 
 func TestValidatePrimitives(t *testing.T) {
 	obj := Object{"foo": "bar", "bar": 1}

binding/xml.go

@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ func (xmlBinding) Name() string {
 	return "xml"
 }
 
-func (xmlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (xmlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	return decodeXML(req.Body, obj)
 }
 
-func (xmlBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj interface{}) error {
+func (xmlBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	return decodeXML(bytes.NewReader(body), obj)
 }
-func decodeXML(r io.Reader, obj interface{}) error {
+func decodeXML(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
 	decoder := xml.NewDecoder(r)
 	if err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != nil {
 		return err

binding/yaml.go

@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@ func (yamlBinding) Name() string {
 	return "yaml"
 }
 
-func (yamlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
+func (yamlBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
 	return decodeYAML(req.Body, obj)
 }
 
-func (yamlBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj interface{}) error {
+func (yamlBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
 	return decodeYAML(bytes.NewReader(body), obj)
 }
 
-func decodeYAML(r io.Reader, obj interface{}) error {
+func decodeYAML(r io.Reader, obj any) error {
 	decoder := yaml.NewDecoder(r)
 	if err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != nil {
 		return err

context.go

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ type Context struct {
 	mu sync.RWMutex
 
 	// Keys is a key/value pair exclusively for the context of each request.
-	Keys map[string]interface{}
+	Keys map[string]any
 
 	// Errors is a list of errors attached to all the handlers/middlewares who used this context.
 	Errors errorMsgs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (c *Context) Copy() *Context {
 	cp.Writer = &cp.writermem
 	cp.index = abortIndex
 	cp.handlers = nil
-	cp.Keys = map[string]interface{}{}
+	cp.Keys = map[string]any{}
 	for k, v := range c.Keys {
 		cp.Keys[k] = v
 	}
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func (c *Context) AbortWithStatus(code int) {
 // AbortWithStatusJSON calls `Abort()` and then `JSON` internally.
 // This method stops the chain, writes the status code and return a JSON body.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
-func (c *Context) AbortWithStatusJSON(code int, jsonObj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) AbortWithStatusJSON(code int, jsonObj any) {
 	c.Abort()
 	c.JSON(code, jsonObj)
 }
@@ -240,10 +240,10 @@ func (c *Context) Error(err error) *Error {
 
 // Set is used to store a new key/value pair exclusively for this context.
 // It also lazy initializes  c.Keys if it was not used previously.
-func (c *Context) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) Set(key string, value any) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	if c.Keys == nil {
-		c.Keys = make(map[string]interface{})
+		c.Keys = make(map[string]any)
 	}
 
 	c.Keys[key] = value
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func (c *Context) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
 
 // Get returns the value for the given key, ie: (value, true).
 // If the value does not exist it returns (nil, false)
-func (c *Context) Get(key string) (value interface{}, exists bool) {
+func (c *Context) Get(key string) (value any, exists bool) {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	value, exists = c.Keys[key]
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func (c *Context) Get(key string) (value interface{}, exists bool) {
 }
 
 // MustGet returns the value for the given key if it exists, otherwise it panics.
-func (c *Context) MustGet(key string) interface{} {
+func (c *Context) MustGet(key string) any {
 	if value, exists := c.Get(key); exists {
 		return value
 	}
@@ -348,9 +348,9 @@ func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key string) (ss []string) {
 }
 
 // GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key string) (sm map[string]interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key string) (sm map[string]any) {
 	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
-		sm, _ = val.(map[string]interface{})
+		sm, _ = val.(map[string]any)
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -607,39 +607,39 @@ func (c *Context) SaveUploadedFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string) error
 // It parses the request's body as JSON if Content-Type == "application/json" using JSON or XML as a JSON input.
 // It decodes the json payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
 // It writes a 400 error and sets Content-Type header "text/plain" in the response if input is not valid.
-func (c *Context) Bind(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) Bind(obj any) error {
 	b := binding.Default(c.Request.Method, c.ContentType())
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, b)
 }
 
 // BindJSON is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.JSON).
-func (c *Context) BindJSON(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindJSON(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
 }
 
 // BindXML is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.BindXML).
-func (c *Context) BindXML(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindXML(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.XML)
 }
 
 // BindQuery is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Query).
-func (c *Context) BindQuery(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindQuery(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Query)
 }
 
 // BindYAML is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.YAML).
-func (c *Context) BindYAML(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindYAML(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
 }
 
 // BindHeader is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
-func (c *Context) BindHeader(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindHeader(obj any) error {
 	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
 }
 
 // BindUri binds the passed struct pointer using binding.Uri.
 // It will abort the request with HTTP 400 if any error occurs.
-func (c *Context) BindUri(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) BindUri(obj any) error {
 	if err := c.ShouldBindUri(obj); err != nil {
 		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusBadRequest, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) // nolint: errcheck
 		return err
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ func (c *Context) BindUri(obj interface{}) error {
 // MustBindWith binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
 // It will abort the request with HTTP 400 if any error occurs.
 // See the binding package.
-func (c *Context) MustBindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
+func (c *Context) MustBindWith(obj any, b binding.Binding) error {
 	if err := c.ShouldBindWith(obj, b); err != nil {
 		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusBadRequest, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) // nolint: errcheck
 		return err
@@ -665,38 +665,38 @@ func (c *Context) MustBindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
 // It parses the request's body as JSON if Content-Type == "application/json" using JSON or XML as a JSON input.
 // It decodes the json payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
 // Like c.Bind() but this method does not set the response status code to 400 or abort if input is not valid.
-func (c *Context) ShouldBind(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBind(obj any) error {
 	b := binding.Default(c.Request.Method, c.ContentType())
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, b)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindJSON is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON).
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindJSON(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindJSON(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindXML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML).
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindXML(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindXML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindQuery is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query).
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindQuery(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindQuery(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindYAML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML).
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindYAML(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindYAML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindHeader is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindHeader(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindHeader(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindUri binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj interface{}) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj any) error {
 	m := make(map[string][]string)
 	for _, v := range c.Params {
 		m[v.Key] = []string{v.Value}
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj interface{}) error {
 
 // ShouldBindWith binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
 // See the binding package.
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindWith(obj any, b binding.Binding) error {
 	return b.Bind(c.Request, obj)
 }
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
 //
 // NOTE: This method reads the body before binding. So you should use
 // ShouldBindWith for better performance if you need to call only once.
-func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWith(obj interface{}, bb binding.BindingBody) (err error) {
+func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWith(obj any, bb binding.BindingBody) (err error) {
 	var body []byte
 	if cb, ok := c.Get(BodyBytesKey); ok {
 		if cbb, ok := cb.([]byte); ok {
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ func (c *Context) Render(code int, r render.Render) {
 // HTML renders the HTTP template specified by its file name.
 // It also updates the HTTP code and sets the Content-Type as "text/html".
 // See http://golang.org/doc/articles/wiki/
-func (c *Context) HTML(code int, name string, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) HTML(code int, name string, obj any) {
 	instance := c.engine.HTMLRender.Instance(name, obj)
 	c.Render(code, instance)
 }
@@ -909,21 +909,21 @@ func (c *Context) HTML(code int, name string, obj interface{}) {
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
 // WARNING: we recommend using this only for development purposes since printing pretty JSON is
 // more CPU and bandwidth consuming. Use Context.JSON() instead.
-func (c *Context) IndentedJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) IndentedJSON(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.IndentedJSON{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // SecureJSON serializes the given struct as Secure JSON into the response body.
 // Default prepends "while(1)," to response body if the given struct is array values.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
-func (c *Context) SecureJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) SecureJSON(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.SecureJSON{Prefix: c.engine.secureJSONPrefix, Data: obj})
 }
 
 // JSONP serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
 // It adds padding to response body to request data from a server residing in a different domain than the client.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/javascript".
-func (c *Context) JSONP(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) JSONP(code int, obj any) {
 	callback := c.DefaultQuery("callback", "")
 	if callback == "" {
 		c.Render(code, render.JSON{Data: obj})
@@ -934,40 +934,40 @@ func (c *Context) JSONP(code int, obj interface{}) {
 
 // JSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
-func (c *Context) JSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) JSON(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.JSON{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // AsciiJSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body with unicode to ASCII string.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
-func (c *Context) AsciiJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) AsciiJSON(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.AsciiJSON{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // PureJSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
 // PureJSON, unlike JSON, does not replace special html characters with their unicode entities.
-func (c *Context) PureJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) PureJSON(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.PureJSON{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // XML serializes the given struct as XML into the response body.
 // It also sets the Content-Type as "application/xml".
-func (c *Context) XML(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) XML(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.XML{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // YAML serializes the given struct as YAML into the response body.
-func (c *Context) YAML(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) YAML(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.YAML{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // ProtoBuf serializes the given struct as ProtoBuf into the response body.
-func (c *Context) ProtoBuf(code int, obj interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) ProtoBuf(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.ProtoBuf{Data: obj})
 }
 
 // String writes the given string into the response body.
-func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.String{Format: format, Data: values})
 }
 
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ func (c *Context) FileAttachment(filepath, filename string) {
 }
 
 // SSEvent writes a Server-Sent Event into the body stream.
-func (c *Context) SSEvent(name string, message interface{}) {
+func (c *Context) SSEvent(name string, message any) {
 	c.Render(-1, sse.Event{
 		Event: name,
 		Data:  message,
@@ -1060,11 +1060,11 @@ func (c *Context) Stream(step func(w io.Writer) bool) bool {
 type Negotiate struct {
 	Offered  []string
 	HTMLName string
-	HTMLData interface{}
+	HTMLData any
-	JSONData interface{}
+	JSONData any
-	XMLData  interface{}
+	XMLData  any
-	YAMLData interface{}
+	YAMLData any
-	Data     interface{}
+	Data     any
 }
 
 // Negotiate calls different Render according to acceptable Accept format.
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ func (c *Context) Err() error {
 // Value returns the value associated with this context for key, or nil
 // if no value is associated with key. Successive calls to Value with
 // the same key returns the same result.
-func (c *Context) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
+func (c *Context) Value(key any) any {
 	if key == 0 {
 		return c.Request
 	}

context_test.go

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func TestContextSetGetValues(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Set("uint64", uint64(42))
 	c.Set("float32", float32(4.2))
 	c.Set("float64", 4.2)
-	var a interface{} = 1
+	var a any = 1
 	c.Set("intInterface", a)
 
 	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("string").(string), "this is a string")
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ func TestContextGetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextGetStringMap(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	m := make(map[string]interface{})
+	m := make(map[string]any)
 	m["foo"] = 1
 	c.Set("map", m)
 
@@ -2125,12 +2125,12 @@ type contextKey string
 func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name             string
-		getContextAndKey func() (*Context, interface{})
+		getContextAndKey func() (*Context, any)
-		value            interface{}
+		value            any
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "c with struct context key",
-			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, interface{}) {
+			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, any) {
 				var key struct{}
 				c := &Context{}
 				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
@@ -2141,7 +2141,7 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "c with string context key",
-			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, interface{}) {
+			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, any) {
 				c := &Context{}
 				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
 				c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(context.WithValue(context.TODO(), contextKey("key"), "value"))
@@ -2151,7 +2151,7 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "c with nil http.Request",
-			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, interface{}) {
+			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, any) {
 				c := &Context{}
 				return c, "key"
 			},
@@ -2159,7 +2159,7 @@ func TestContextWithFallbackValueFromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "c with nil http.Request.Context()",
-			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, interface{}) {
+			getContextAndKey: func() (*Context, any) {
 				c := &Context{}
 				c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "/", nil)
 				return c, "key"

debug.go

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func debugPrintLoadTemplate(tmpl *template.Template) {
 	}
 }
 
-func debugPrint(format string, values ...interface{}) {
+func debugPrint(format string, values ...any) {
 	if IsDebugging() {
 		if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
 			format += "\n"

deprecated.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 // BindWith binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
 // See the binding package.
-func (c *Context) BindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
+func (c *Context) BindWith(obj any, b binding.Binding) error {
 	log.Println(`BindWith(\"interface{}, binding.Binding\") error is going to
 	be deprecated, please check issue #662 and either use MustBindWith() if you
 	want HTTP 400 to be automatically returned if any error occur, or use

errors.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const (
 type Error struct {
 	Err  error
 	Type ErrorType
-	Meta interface{}
+	Meta any
 }
 
 type errorMsgs []*Error
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ func (msg *Error) SetType(flags ErrorType) *Error {
 }
 
 // SetMeta sets the error's meta data.
-func (msg *Error) SetMeta(data interface{}) *Error {
+func (msg *Error) SetMeta(data any) *Error {
 	msg.Meta = data
 	return msg
 }
 
 // JSON creates a properly formatted JSON
-func (msg *Error) JSON() interface{} {
+func (msg *Error) JSON() any {
 	jsonData := H{}
 	if msg.Meta != nil {
 		value := reflect.ValueOf(msg.Meta)
@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ func (a errorMsgs) Errors() []string {
 	return errorStrings
 }
 
-func (a errorMsgs) JSON() interface{} {
+func (a errorMsgs) JSON() any {
 	switch length := len(a); length {
 	case 0:
 		return nil
 	case 1:
 		return a.Last().JSON()
 	default:
-		jsonData := make([]interface{}, length)
+		jsonData := make([]any, length)
 		for i, err := range a {
 			jsonData[i] = err.JSON()
 		}

errors_test.go

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Error #02: second
 Error #03: third
      Meta: map[status:400]
 `, errs.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, []interface{}{
+	assert.Equal(t, []any{
 		H{"error": "first"},
 		H{"error": "second", "meta": "some data"},
 		H{"error": "third", "status": "400"},

gin.go

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func New() *Engine {
 		trustedCIDRs:           defaultTrustedCIDRs,
 	}
 	engine.RouterGroup.engine = engine
-	engine.pool.New = func() interface{} {
+	engine.pool.New = func() any {
 		return engine.allocateContext()
 	}
 	return engine

gin_test.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func setupHTMLFiles(t *testing.T, mode string, tls bool, loadMethod func(*Engine
 			c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "hello.tmpl", map[string]string{"name": "world"})
 		})
 		router.GET("/raw", func(c *Context) {
-			c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", map[string]interface{}{
+			c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", map[string]any{
 				"now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
 			})
 		})
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ func TestNoMethodWithGlobalHandlers(t *testing.T) {
 	compareFunc(t, router.allNoMethod[2], middleware0)
 }
 
-func compareFunc(t *testing.T, a, b interface{}) {
+func compareFunc(t *testing.T, a, b any) {
 	sf1 := reflect.ValueOf(a)
 	sf2 := reflect.ValueOf(b)
 	if sf1.Pointer() != sf2.Pointer() {

logger.go

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ type LogFormatterParams struct {
 	// BodySize is the size of the Response Body
 	BodySize int
 	// Keys are the keys set on the request's context.
-	Keys map[string]interface{}
+	Keys map[string]any
 }
 
 // StatusCodeColor is the ANSI color for appropriately logging http status code to a terminal.

logger_test.go

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestLoggerWithConfigFormatting(t *testing.T) {
 	var gotParam LogFormatterParams
-	var gotKeys map[string]interface{}
+	var gotKeys map[string]any
 	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
 
 	router := New()

recovery.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 // RecoveryFunc defines the function passable to CustomRecovery.
-type RecoveryFunc func(c *Context, err interface{})
+type RecoveryFunc func(c *Context, err any)
 
 // Recovery returns a middleware that recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
 func Recovery() HandlerFunc {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func CustomRecoveryWithWriter(out io.Writer, handle RecoveryFunc) HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
-func defaultHandleRecovery(c *Context, err interface{}) {
+func defaultHandleRecovery(c *Context, err any) {
 	c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 }
 

recovery_test.go

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	errBuffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	router := New()
-	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err interface{}) {
+	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err any) {
 		errBuffer.WriteString(err.(string))
 		c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusBadRequest)
 	}
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	router := New()
 	DefaultErrorWriter = buffer
-	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err interface{}) {
+	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err any) {
 		errBuffer.WriteString(err.(string))
 		c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusBadRequest)
 	}
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	buffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	router := New()
 	DefaultErrorWriter = buffer
-	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err interface{}) {
+	handleRecovery := func(c *Context, err any) {
 		errBuffer.WriteString(err.(string))
 		c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusBadRequest)
 	}

render/any.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2021 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.18
+// +build !go1.18
+
+package render
+
+type any = interface{}

render/html.go

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ type Delims struct {
 // HTMLRender interface is to be implemented by HTMLProduction and HTMLDebug.
 type HTMLRender interface {
 	// Instance returns an HTML instance.
-	Instance(string, interface{}) Render
+	Instance(string, any) Render
 }
 
 // HTMLProduction contains template reference and its delims.
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ type HTMLDebug struct {
 type HTML struct {
 	Template *template.Template
 	Name     string
-	Data     interface{}
+	Data     any
 }
 
 var htmlContentType = []string{"text/html; charset=utf-8"}
 
 // Instance (HTMLProduction) returns an HTML instance which it realizes Render interface.
-func (r HTMLProduction) Instance(name string, data interface{}) Render {
+func (r HTMLProduction) Instance(name string, data any) Render {
 	return HTML{
 		Template: r.Template,
 		Name:     name,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (r HTMLProduction) Instance(name string, data interface{}) Render {
 }
 
 // Instance (HTMLDebug) returns an HTML instance which it realizes Render interface.
-func (r HTMLDebug) Instance(name string, data interface{}) Render {
+func (r HTMLDebug) Instance(name string, data any) Render {
 	return HTML{
 		Template: r.loadTemplate(),
 		Name:     name,

render/json.go

@@ -16,34 +16,34 @@ import (
 
 // JSON contains the given interface object.
 type JSON struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 // IndentedJSON contains the given interface object.
 type IndentedJSON struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 // SecureJSON contains the given interface object and its prefix.
 type SecureJSON struct {
 	Prefix string
-	Data   interface{}
+	Data   any
 }
 
 // JsonpJSON contains the given interface object its callback.
 type JsonpJSON struct {
 	Callback string
-	Data     interface{}
+	Data     any
 }
 
 // AsciiJSON contains the given interface object.
 type AsciiJSON struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 // PureJSON contains the given interface object.
 type PureJSON struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 var (
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (r JSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 }
 
 // WriteJSON marshals the given interface object and writes it with custom ContentType.
-func WriteJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, obj interface{}) error {
+func WriteJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, obj any) error {
 	writeContentType(w, jsonContentType)
 	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
 	if err != nil {

render/msgpack.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ var (
 
 // MsgPack contains the given interface object.
 type MsgPack struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 var msgpackContentType = []string{"application/msgpack; charset=utf-8"}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (r MsgPack) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 }
 
 // WriteMsgPack writes MsgPack ContentType and encodes the given interface object.
-func WriteMsgPack(w http.ResponseWriter, obj interface{}) error {
+func WriteMsgPack(w http.ResponseWriter, obj any) error {
 	writeContentType(w, msgpackContentType)
 	var mh codec.MsgpackHandle
 	return codec.NewEncoder(w, &mh).Encode(obj)

render/protobuf.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 // ProtoBuf contains the given interface object.
 type ProtoBuf struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 var protobufContentType = []string{"application/x-protobuf"}

render/render_msgpack_test.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo": "bar",
 	}
 

render/render_test.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo":  "bar",
 		"html": "<b>",
 	}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func TestRenderJSONPanics(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRenderIndentedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo": "bar",
 		"bar": "foo",
 	}
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func TestRenderIndentedJSONPanics(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w1 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo": "bar",
 	}
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func TestRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w1.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	datas := []map[string]interface{}{{
+	datas := []map[string]any{{
 		"foo": "bar",
 	}, {
 		"bar": "foo",
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func TestRenderSecureJSONFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w1 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo": "bar",
 	}
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", w1.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	datas := []map[string]interface{}{{
+	datas := []map[string]any{{
 		"foo": "bar",
 	}, {
 		"bar": "foo",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRenderJsonpJSONError2(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo": "bar",
 	}
 	(JsonpJSON{"", data}).WriteContentType(w)
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSONFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRenderAsciiJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w1 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data1 := map[string]interface{}{
+	data1 := map[string]any{
 		"lang": "GO语言",
 		"tag":  "<br>",
 	}
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func TestRenderAsciiJSONFail(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
+	data := map[string]any{
 		"foo":  "bar",
 		"html": "<b>",
 	}
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func TestRenderPureJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-type xmlmap map[string]interface{}
+type xmlmap map[string]any
 
 // Allows type H to be used with xml.Marshal
 func (h xmlmap) MarshalXML(e *xml.Encoder, start xml.StartElement) error {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ b:
 type fail struct{}
 
 // Hook MarshalYAML
-func (ft *fail) MarshalYAML() (interface{}, error) {
+func (ft *fail) MarshalYAML() (any, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("fail")
 }
 
@@ -358,13 +358,13 @@ func TestRenderString(t *testing.T) {
 
 	(String{
 		Format: "hello %s %d",
-		Data:   []interface{}{},
+		Data:   []any{},
 	}).WriteContentType(w)
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 
 	err := (String{
 		Format: "hola %s %d",
-		Data:   []interface{}{"manu", 2},
+		Data:   []any{"manu", 2},
 	}).Render(w)
 
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func TestRenderStringLenZero(t *testing.T) {
 
 	err := (String{
 		Format: "hola %s %d",
-		Data:   []interface{}{},
+		Data:   []any{},
 	}).Render(w)
 
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 	templ := template.Must(template.New("t").Parse(`Hello {{.name}}`))
 
 	htmlRender := HTMLProduction{Template: templ}
-	instance := htmlRender.Instance("t", map[string]interface{}{
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("t", map[string]any{
 		"name": "alexandernyquist",
 	})
 
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLTemplateEmptyName(t *testing.T) {
 	templ := template.Must(template.New("").Parse(`Hello {{.name}}`))
 
 	htmlRender := HTMLProduction{Template: templ}
-	instance := htmlRender.Instance("", map[string]interface{}{
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("", map[string]any{
 		"name": "alexandernyquist",
 	})
 
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLDebugFiles(t *testing.T) {
 		Delims:  Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
 		FuncMap: nil,
 	}
-	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]interface{}{
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]any{
 		"name": "thinkerou",
 	})
 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ func TestRenderHTMLDebugGlob(t *testing.T) {
 		Delims:  Delims{Left: "{[{", Right: "}]}"},
 		FuncMap: nil,
 	}
-	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]interface{}{
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("hello.tmpl", map[string]any{
 		"name": "thinkerou",
 	})
 

render/text.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 // String contains the given interface object slice and its format.
 type String struct {
 	Format string
-	Data   []interface{}
+	Data   []any
 }
 
 var plainContentType = []string{"text/plain; charset=utf-8"}
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func (r String) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 }
 
 // WriteString writes data according to its format and write custom ContentType.
-func WriteString(w http.ResponseWriter, format string, data []interface{}) (err error) {
+func WriteString(w http.ResponseWriter, format string, data []any) (err error) {
 	writeContentType(w, plainContentType)
 	if len(data) > 0 {
 		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(w, format, data...)

render/xml.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 // XML contains the given interface object.
 type XML struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 var xmlContentType = []string{"application/xml; charset=utf-8"}

render/yaml.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 // YAML contains the given interface object.
 type YAML struct {
-	Data interface{}
+	Data any
 }
 
 var yamlContentType = []string{"application/x-yaml; charset=utf-8"}

testdata/protoexample/any.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2021 Gin Core Team.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.18
+// +build !go1.18
+
+package protoexample
+
+type any = interface{}

testdata/protoexample/test.pb.go

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ func file_test_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
 
 var file_test_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
 var file_test_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 2)
-var file_test_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+var file_test_proto_goTypes = []any{
 	(FOO)(0),                   // 0: protoexample.FOO
 	(*Test)(nil),               // 1: protoexample.Test
 	(*Test_OptionalGroup)(nil), // 2: protoexample.Test.OptionalGroup
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func file_test_proto_init() {
 		return
 	}
 	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		file_test_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_test_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*Test); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func file_test_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_test_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_test_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*Test_OptionalGroup); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state

tree_test.go

@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func TestUnescapeParameters(t *testing.T) {
 	checkPriorities(t, tree)
 }
 
-func catchPanic(testFunc func()) (recv interface{}) {
+func catchPanic(testFunc func()) (recv any) {
 	defer func() {
 		recv = recover()
 	}()

utils.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import (
 const BindKey = "_gin-gonic/gin/bindkey"
 
 // Bind is a helper function for given interface object and returns a Gin middleware.
-func Bind(val interface{}) HandlerFunc {
+func Bind(val any) HandlerFunc {
 	value := reflect.ValueOf(val)
 	if value.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 		panic(`Bind struct can not be a pointer. Example:
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func WrapH(h http.Handler) HandlerFunc {
 }
 
 // H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{}
-type H map[string]interface{}
+type H map[string]any
 
 // MarshalXML allows type H to be used with xml.Marshal.
 func (h H) MarshalXML(e *xml.Encoder, start xml.StartElement) error {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func filterFlags(content string) string {
 	return content
 }
 
-func chooseData(custom, wildcard interface{}) interface{} {
+func chooseData(custom, wildcard any) any {
 	if custom != nil {
 		return custom
 	}
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func lastChar(str string) uint8 {
 	return str[len(str)-1]
 }
 
-func nameOfFunction(f interface{}) string {
+func nameOfFunction(f any) string {
 	return runtime.FuncForPC(reflect.ValueOf(f).Pointer()).Name()
 }