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Generating shell completions
Cobra can generate shell completions for multiple shells. The currently supported shells are:
- Bash
- Zsh
- Fish
- PowerShell
If you are using the generator you can create a completion command by running
cobra add completion
and then modifying the generated cmd/completion.go
file to look something like this
(writing the shell script to stdout allows the most flexible use):
var completionCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "completion [bash|zsh|fish|powershell]",
Short: "Generate completion script",
Long: `To load completions:
Bash:
$ source <(yourprogram completion bash)
# To load completions for each session, execute once:
Linux:
$ yourprogram completion bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/yourprogram
MacOS:
$ yourprogram completion bash > /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/yourprogram
Zsh:
# If shell completion is not already enabled in your environment you will need
# to enable it. You can execute the following once:
$ echo "autoload -U compinit; compinit" >> ~/.zshrc
# To load completions for each session, execute once:
$ yourprogram completion zsh > "${fpath[1]}/_yourprogram"
# You will need to start a new shell for this setup to take effect.
Fish:
$ yourprogram completion fish | source
# To load completions for each session, execute once:
$ yourprogram completion fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/yourprogram.fish
Powershell:
PS> yourprogram completion powershell | Out-String | Invoke-Expression
# To load completions for every new session, run:
PS> yourprogram completion powershell > yourprogram.ps1
# and source this file from your powershell profile.
`,
DisableFlagsInUseLine: true,
ValidArgs: []string{"bash", "zsh", "fish", "powershell"},
Args: cobra.ExactValidArgs(1),
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
switch args[0] {
case "bash":
cmd.Root().GenBashCompletion(os.Stdout)
case "zsh":
cmd.Root().GenZshCompletion(os.Stdout)
case "fish":
cmd.Root().GenFishCompletion(os.Stdout, true)
case "powershell":
cmd.Root().GenPowerShellCompletion(os.Stdout)
}
},
}
Note: The cobra generator may include messages printed to stdout for example if the config file is loaded, this will break the auto complete script so must be removed.
Customizing completions
The generated completion scripts will automatically handle completing commands and flags. However, you can make your completions much more powerful by providing information to complete your program's nouns and flag values.
Completion of nouns
Static completion of nouns
Cobra allows you to provide a pre-defined list of completion choices for your nouns using the ValidArgs
field.
For example, if you want kubectl get [tab][tab]
to show a list of valid "nouns" you have to set them.
Some simplified code from kubectl get
looks like:
validArgs []string = { "pod", "node", "service", "replicationcontroller" }
cmd := &cobra.Command{
Use: "get [(-o|--output=)json|yaml|template|...] (RESOURCE [NAME] | RESOURCE/NAME ...)",
Short: "Display one or many resources",
Long: get_long,
Example: get_example,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
cobra.CheckErr(RunGet(f, out, cmd, args))
},
ValidArgs: validArgs,
}
Notice we put the ValidArgs
field on the get
sub-command. Doing so will give results like:
$ kubectl get [tab][tab]
node pod replicationcontroller service
Aliases for nouns
If your nouns have aliases, you can define them alongside ValidArgs
using ArgAliases
:
argAliases []string = { "pods", "nodes", "services", "svc", "replicationcontrollers", "rc" }
cmd := &cobra.Command{
...
ValidArgs: validArgs,
ArgAliases: argAliases
}
The aliases are not shown to the user on tab completion, but they are accepted as valid nouns by the completion algorithm if entered manually, e.g. in:
$ kubectl get rc [tab][tab]
backend frontend database
Note that without declaring rc
as an alias, the completion algorithm would not know to show the list of
replication controllers following rc
.
Dynamic completion of nouns
In some cases it is not possible to provide a list of completions in advance. Instead, the list of completions must be determined at execution-time. In a similar fashion as for static completions, you can use the ValidArgsFunction
field to provide a Go function that Cobra will execute when it needs the list of completion choices for the nouns of a command. Note that either ValidArgs
or ValidArgsFunction
can be used for a single cobra command, but not both.
Simplified code from helm status
looks like:
cmd := &cobra.Command{
Use: "status RELEASE_NAME",
Short: "Display the status of the named release",
Long: status_long,
RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
RunGet(args[0])
},
ValidArgsFunction: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
if len(args) != 0 {
return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
}
return getReleasesFromCluster(toComplete), cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
},
}
Where getReleasesFromCluster()
is a Go function that obtains the list of current Helm releases running on the Kubernetes cluster.
Notice we put the ValidArgsFunction
on the status
sub-command. Let's assume the Helm releases on the cluster are: harbor
, notary
, rook
and thanos
then this dynamic completion will give results like:
$ helm status [tab][tab]
harbor notary rook thanos
You may have noticed the use of cobra.ShellCompDirective
. These directives are bit fields allowing to control some shell completion behaviors for your particular completion. You can combine them with the bit-or operator such as cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
// Indicates that the shell will perform its default behavior after completions
// have been provided (this implies none of the other directives).
ShellCompDirectiveDefault
// Indicates an error occurred and completions should be ignored.
ShellCompDirectiveError
// Indicates that the shell should not add a space after the completion,
// even if there is a single completion provided.
ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
// Indicates that the shell should not provide file completion even when
// no completion is provided.
ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
// Indicates that the returned completions should be used as file extension filters.
// For example, to complete only files of the form *.json or *.yaml:
// return []string{"yaml", "json"}, ShellCompDirectiveFilterFileExt
// For flags, using MarkFlagFilename() and MarkPersistentFlagFilename()
// is a shortcut to using this directive explicitly.
//
ShellCompDirectiveFilterFileExt
// Indicates that only directory names should be provided in file completion.
// For example:
// return nil, ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
// For flags, using MarkFlagDirname() is a shortcut to using this directive explicitly.
//
// To request directory names within another directory, the returned completions
// should specify a single directory name within which to search. For example,
// to complete directories within "themes/":
// return []string{"themes"}, ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
//
ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
Note: When using the ValidArgsFunction
, Cobra will call your registered function after having parsed all flags and arguments provided in the command-line. You therefore don't need to do this parsing yourself. For example, when a user calls helm status --namespace my-rook-ns [tab][tab]
, Cobra will call your registered ValidArgsFunction
after having parsed the --namespace
flag, as it would have done when calling the RunE
function.
Debugging
Cobra achieves dynamic completion through the use of a hidden command called by the completion script. To debug your Go completion code, you can call this hidden command directly:
$ helm __complete status har<ENTER>
harbor
:4
Completion ended with directive: ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp # This is on stderr
Important: If the noun to complete is empty (when the user has not yet typed any letters of that noun), you must pass an empty parameter to the __complete
command:
$ helm __complete status ""<ENTER>
harbor
notary
rook
thanos
:4
Completion ended with directive: ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp # This is on stderr
Calling the __complete
command directly allows you to run the Go debugger to troubleshoot your code. You can also add printouts to your code; Cobra provides the following functions to use for printouts in Go completion code:
// Prints to the completion script debug file (if BASH_COMP_DEBUG_FILE
// is set to a file path) and optionally prints to stderr.
cobra.CompDebug(msg string, printToStdErr bool) {
cobra.CompDebugln(msg string, printToStdErr bool)
// Prints to the completion script debug file (if BASH_COMP_DEBUG_FILE
// is set to a file path) and to stderr.
cobra.CompError(msg string)
cobra.CompErrorln(msg string)
Important: You should not leave traces that print directly to stdout in your completion code as they will be interpreted as completion choices by the completion script. Instead, use the cobra-provided debugging traces functions mentioned above.
Completions for flags
Mark flags as required
Most of the time completions will only show sub-commands. But if a flag is required to make a sub-command work, you probably want it to show up when the user types [tab][tab]. You can mark a flag as 'Required' like so:
cmd.MarkFlagRequired("pod")
cmd.MarkFlagRequired("container")
and you'll get something like
$ kubectl exec [tab][tab]
-c --container= -p --pod=
Specify dynamic flag completion
As for nouns, Cobra provides a way of defining dynamic completion of flags. To provide a Go function that Cobra will execute when it needs the list of completion choices for a flag, you must register the function using the command.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
function.
flagName := "output"
cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc(flagName, func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
return []string{"json", "table", "yaml"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveDefault
})
Notice that calling RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
is done through the command
with which the flag is associated. In our example this dynamic completion will give results like so:
$ helm status --output [tab][tab]
json table yaml
Debugging
You can also easily debug your Go completion code for flags:
$ helm __complete status --output ""
json
table
yaml
:4
Completion ended with directive: ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp # This is on stderr
Important: You should not leave traces that print to stdout in your completion code as they will be interpreted as completion choices by the completion script. Instead, use the cobra-provided debugging traces functions mentioned further above.
Specify valid filename extensions for flags that take a filename
To limit completions of flag values to file names with certain extensions you can either use the different MarkFlagFilename()
functions or a combination of RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
and ShellCompDirectiveFilterFileExt
, like so:
flagName := "output"
cmd.MarkFlagFilename(flagName, "yaml", "json")
or
flagName := "output"
cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc(flagName, func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
return []string{"yaml", "json"}, ShellCompDirectiveFilterFileExt})
Limit flag completions to directory names
To limit completions of flag values to directory names you can either use the MarkFlagDirname()
functions or a combination of RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
and ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
, like so:
flagName := "output"
cmd.MarkFlagDirname(flagName)
or
flagName := "output"
cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc(flagName, func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
})
To limit completions of flag values to directory names within another directory you can use a combination of RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
and ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
like so:
flagName := "output"
cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc(flagName, func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
return []string{"themes"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
})
Descriptions for completions
zsh
, fish
and powershell
allow for descriptions to annotate completion choices. For commands and flags, Cobra will provide the descriptions automatically, based on usage information. For example, using zsh:
$ helm s[tab]
search -- search for a keyword in charts
show -- show information of a chart
status -- displays the status of the named release
while using fish:
$ helm s[tab]
search (search for a keyword in charts) show (show information of a chart) status (displays the status of the named release)
Cobra allows you to add annotations to your own completions. Simply add the annotation text after each completion, following a \t
separator. This technique applies to completions returned by ValidArgs
, ValidArgsFunction
and RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
. For example:
ValidArgsFunction: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
return []string{"harbor\tAn image registry", "thanos\tLong-term metrics"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
}}
or
ValidArgs: []string{"bash\tCompletions for bash", "zsh\tCompletions for zsh"}
Bash completions
Dependencies
The bash completion script generated by Cobra requires the bash_completion
package. You should update the help text of your completion command to show how to install the bash_completion
package (Kubectl docs)
Aliases
You can also configure bash
aliases for your program and they will also support completions.
alias aliasname=origcommand
complete -o default -F __start_origcommand aliasname
# and now when you run `aliasname` completion will make
# suggestions as it did for `origcommand`.
$ aliasname <tab><tab>
completion firstcommand secondcommand
Bash legacy dynamic completions
For backwards-compatibility, Cobra still supports its bash legacy dynamic completion solution. Please refer to Bash Completions for details.
Zsh completions
Cobra supports native Zsh completion generated from the root cobra.Command
.
The generated completion script should be put somewhere in your $fpath
and be named
_<yourProgram>
. You will need to start a new shell for the completions to become available.
Zsh supports descriptions for completions. Cobra will provide the description automatically,
based on usage information. Cobra provides a way to completely disable such descriptions by
using GenZshCompletionNoDesc()
or GenZshCompletionFileNoDesc()
. You can choose to make
this a configurable option to your users.
# With descriptions
$ helm s[tab]
search -- search for a keyword in charts
show -- show information of a chart
status -- displays the status of the named release
# Without descriptions
$ helm s[tab]
search show status
Note: Because of backwards-compatibility requirements, we were forced to have a different API to disable completion descriptions between Zsh
and Fish
.
Limitations
- Custom completions implemented in Bash scripting (legacy) are not supported and will be ignored for
zsh
(including the use of theBashCompCustom
flag annotation).- You should instead use
ValidArgsFunction
andRegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
which are portable to the different shells (bash
,zsh
,fish
,powershell
).
- You should instead use
- The function
MarkFlagCustom()
is not supported and will be ignored forzsh
.- You should instead use
RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
.
- You should instead use
Zsh completions standardization
Cobra 1.1 standardized its zsh completion support to align it with its other shell completions. Although the API was kept backwards-compatible, some small changes in behavior were introduced. Please refer to Zsh Completions for details.
Fish completions
Cobra supports native Fish completions generated from the root cobra.Command
. You can use the command.GenFishCompletion()
or command.GenFishCompletionFile()
functions. You must provide these functions with a parameter indicating if the completions should be annotated with a description; Cobra will provide the description automatically based on usage information. You can choose to make this option configurable by your users.
# With descriptions
$ helm s[tab]
search (search for a keyword in charts) show (show information of a chart) status (displays the status of the named release)
# Without descriptions
$ helm s[tab]
search show status
Note: Because of backwards-compatibility requirements, we were forced to have a different API to disable completion descriptions between Zsh
and Fish
.
Limitations
- Custom completions implemented in Bash scripting (legacy) are not supported and will be ignored for
fish
(including the use of theBashCompCustom
flag annotation).- You should instead use
ValidArgsFunction
andRegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
which are portable to the different shells (bash
,zsh
,fish
,powershell
).
- You should instead use
- The function
MarkFlagCustom()
is not supported and will be ignored forfish
.- You should instead use
RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
.
- You should instead use
- The following flag completion annotations are not supported and will be ignored for
fish
:BashCompFilenameExt
(filtering by file extension)BashCompSubdirsInDir
(filtering by directory)
- The functions corresponding to the above annotations are consequently not supported and will be ignored for
fish
:MarkFlagFilename()
andMarkPersistentFlagFilename()
(filtering by file extension)MarkFlagDirname()
andMarkPersistentFlagDirname()
(filtering by directory)
- Similarly, the following completion directives are not supported and will be ignored for
fish
:ShellCompDirectiveFilterFileExt
(filtering by file extension)ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
(filtering by directory)
PowerShell completions
Cobra supports native PowerShell completions generated from the root cobra.Command
. You can use the command.GenPowerShellCompletion()
or command.GenPowerShellCompletionFile()
functions. To include descriptions use command.GenPowerShellCompletionWithDesc()
and command.GenPowerShellCompletionFileWithDesc()
. Cobra will provide the description automatically based on usage information. You can choose to make this option configurable by your users.
The script is designed to support all three Powershell completion modes:
- TabCompleteNext (default windows style - on each key press the next option is displayed)
- Complete (works like bash)
- MenuComplete (works like zsh)
You set the mode with Set-PSReadLineKeyHandler -Key Tab -Function <mode>
. Descriptions are only displayed when using the Complete
or MenuComplete
mode.
Users need PowerShell version 5.0 or above, which comes with Windows 10 and can be downloaded separately for Windows 7 or 8.1. They can then write the completions to a file and source this file from their PowerShell profile, which is referenced by the $Profile
environment variable. See Get-Help about_Profiles
for more info about PowerShell profiles.
# With descriptions and Mode 'Complete'
$ helm s[tab]
search (search for a keyword in charts) show (show information of a chart) status (displays the status of the named release)
# With descriptions and Mode 'MenuComplete' The description of the current selected value will be displayed below the suggestions.
$ helm s[tab]
search show status
search for a keyword in charts
# Without descriptions
$ helm s[tab]
search show status
Limitations
- Custom completions implemented in Bash scripting (legacy) are not supported and will be ignored for
powershell
(including the use of theBashCompCustom
flag annotation).- You should instead use
ValidArgsFunction
andRegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
which are portable to the different shells (bash
,zsh
,fish
,powershell
).
- You should instead use
- The function
MarkFlagCustom()
is not supported and will be ignored forpowershell
.- You should instead use
RegisterFlagCompletionFunc()
.
- You should instead use
- The following flag completion annotations are not supported and will be ignored for
powershell
:BashCompFilenameExt
(filtering by file extension)BashCompSubdirsInDir
(filtering by directory)
- The functions corresponding to the above annotations are consequently not supported and will be ignored for
powershell
:MarkFlagFilename()
andMarkPersistentFlagFilename()
(filtering by file extension)MarkFlagDirname()
andMarkPersistentFlagDirname()
(filtering by directory)
- Similarly, the following completion directives are not supported and will be ignored for
powershell
:ShellCompDirectiveFilterFileExt
(filtering by file extension)ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
(filtering by directory)